The questions never name a brand, so a brand that appears was volunteered by the AI. Questions are written the way a buyer or shopper would ask, across topics such as reliability, value, customer service, safety and ethics, and checked so that none points to a tracked brand.
- Engines. Each question is asked once to ChatGPT, Gemini, Google AI Mode and Google AI Overview, with live web search, from the study's market.
- Visibility. An answer counts once for a brand if it names it anywhere in the text. Position is ignored, and a link alone does not count.
- Ranges. Each figure has a 95% Wilson interval. When two brands' ranges overlap, treat them as tied.
AI answers vary from run to run, so each study is a dated snapshot rather than a permanent ranking. It shows whether a brand appeared and which sources were cited, not how favourably it was described.